Afghan Medical Journal (AMJ) is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access journal published by Kabul University of Medical Sciences (Abu Ali Ibn Sina), Afghanistan. The journal is dedicated to advancing knowledge in medical and health sciences by publishing high-quality original research, review articles, and case studies. ISSN (Print): 3007-0791 E-ISSN (Online): 3007-0805 AMJ follows internationally recognized publishing standards, including the guidelines of the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) and the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). All submissions undergo a rigorous double-blind peer review process to ensure scientific quality and integrity. The journal covers a wide range of disciplines, including clinical medicine, public health, epidemiology, basic medical sciences, and paraclinical sciences, with a particular focus on research addressing national and regional health challenges. Afghan Medical Journal is published quarterly, with four issues released annually, and provides free and unrestricted online access to all published content.
Kabul University of Medical Science (KMU)
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Efficacy of Platelet-Rich-Plasma Injection for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Review Article of Clinical Evidence
Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic and degenerative disease which is mostly seen in adult population. It is common form of joint disability which negatively affect the quality of life of affected people. This study was conducted to review evidence on the use of platelet-rich-plasma (PRP) injection for treatment knee OA, evaluating its efficacy, limitations, and geographical disparities in research. . Methods: This review encompassed 39 eligible studies: 11 meta-analyses, 10 RCTs, seven systematic reviews, seven narrative reviews, and four observational studies. It examined key themes such as the comparative efficacy of PRP versus HA, CS, and placebo injection; protocol variability; and long-term outcomes. . Results: Applying PRP at early stages and in mid-term (6-12 months) demonstrates significant superiority over HA and steroids in pain reduction and functional improvement, particularly in early-to-moderate OA. However, structural benefits such as cartilage regeneration remain unproven, as well as evidence beyond 24 months is limited. Critical limitations include protocol heterogeneity as leukocyte content, centrifugation methods, statistical fragility in meta-analyses, and publication bias favoring small positive trials. Over 90% of studies originated from high-income countries particularly USA, China, and Europe, while people affected with severe OA and low income countries and regions with constrained resources remained underrepresented. . Conclusion: The PRP effectiveness and its feasibility as a second-line therapy for early and moderate cases of knee joint OA confirmed, but its long-term efficacy and cost-effectiveness require further validation. There is a need for conducting RCTs to examine its efficacy after follow-up in longer term (≥3 years). Addressing geographical disparities through inclusive research is recommended.
Platelet Rich Plasma, Osteoarthritis, Efficacy, Knee Joint, review article
PREVALENCE AND ASSOCITATED FACTORS OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AMONG MOTHERS AGED OVER 35 YEARS AT SHAHRARA HOSPITAL
Background: Birth weight is one of the most important indicators of neonatal health at the time of delivery, as it reflects both intrauterine fetal growth and the quality of prenatal care. Newborns with birth weights either above or below the normal range are at increased risk of mortality, physical injury, and neurological damage. As its known, one of the most critical health indicators in any society is the infant mortality rate, in which one of its key contributing factors is low birth weight (LBW). This study aims to determine the prevalence of LBW among mothers (above 35 years) highlight this important health indicator and identify one of its major contributing factors- advanced maternal age (above 35 years). Methods: This analytic cross-sectional study was conducted on 472 women older the 35 years and 384 newborns delivered in the year 2024, at Shahrara Teaching Maternity Hospital to determine the prevalence of LBW among mothers over the age of 35 years old. Data were collected by reviewing patients’ medical records, which included maternal age, newborn birth weight, gestational age, and number of parities. For determining correlation of maternal age, number of parities and gestational age to child birth weight spearman correlation test was applied and linear regression determined the impact of related factors on child birth weight. Results: The study found that the prevalence of LBW among mothers over 35 years of age in this hospital was 81.35% as there were totally 472 mothers older than 35 years in 2024, among them 384 were recorded with LBW. Factors such as maternal age, number of parities were negatively associated with LBW while gestational age has positive association with LBW, although effect of gestational age and number of parity is not as considerable as mothers age. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the prevalence of low birth weight among mothers over 35 years of age at Shahrara Teaching Maternity Hospital is concerning. Therefore, enhancing prenatal care and preventing risk factors in this age group may help reduce the prevalence of LBW.
Shahrara hospital, Low birth weight and Maternal age
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF EARTHQUAKES ON CHILDREN: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN HERAT, AFGHANISTAN
Background: Earthquakes, as devastating natural disasters, can have profound and long-term psychological consequences, particularly for children. The frequency of aftershocks following earthquakes has been shown to exacerbate these negative effects. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of depression and anxiety levels among children exposed to the October 2023 earthquakes in Herat, Afghanistan. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in October and November 2023, involving 420 participants (227 boys and 193 girls). Sociodemographic data were collected using a 14-item questionnaire; the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) modified for adolescents and the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) had been utilized to assess depression and anxiety levels, respectively. Data analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics version 27. Results: A high prevalence of depression among children (82.6%) was found among study participants. Additionally, the study identified significant rates of anxiety disorders, including panic disorder (67%), generalized anxiety disorder (27.1%), separation anxiety disorder (94.4%), social phobia (9.5%), and school avoidance (15%). Based on the sociodemographic data, gender and the presence of disturbing night dreams were significantly associated with both anxiety and depression. The loss of a first-degree family member due to the earthquake emerged as the sole factor significantly associated with depression Conclusion: The present study demonstrates a markedly high prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms among children following the October 2023 earthquakes in Herat, with separation anxiety and panic disorder emerging as the most common conditions. These findings highlight the urgent imperative to develop and implement specialized mental health interventions tailored to the needs of disaster-affected pediatric populations. Establishing culturally appropriate early intervention strategies and community-based psychosocial support programs are essential to ease long-term psychological consequences and promote resilience among affected children. Furthermore, these findings call for the integration of mental health services into disaster response frameworks across earthquake-prone regions.
Afghanistan, anxiety, depression, earthquake, Herat.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
MALIGNANT PLEURAL MESOTHELIOMA: A RARE CASE REPORT
Background: Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is a rare and aggressive cancer primarily linked to asbestos exposure. Diagnosis remains challenging, particularly in resource-limited settings where imaging and histopathology services are constrained. Case Presentation: A 60-year-old male presented to Ali Abad Teaching Hospital, Kabul, with a one-month history of progressive dyspnoea and cough. Initial evaluation revealed left-sided pleural effusion, initially managed as tuberculosis and bacterial infection due to nonspecific fluid analysis. Persistent effusion on follow-up prompted CT imaging, which identified a 5 cm pleural mass suspicious for MPM. Diagnostic limitations prevented confirmatory biopsy, leading to referral for specialized oncology care. Conclusion: High clinical suspicion for MPM is warranted in refractory pleural effusions, even without known asbestos exposure. Enhanced diagnostic pathways, accessible immunohistochemistry, and multidisciplinary collaboration are urgently needed in resource-constrained regions to improve outcomes for this lethal malignancy.
Malignant pleural mesothelioma, Afghanistan, Kabul, diagnostic challenge, pleural effusion.
PREVALENCE OF SMARTPHONE DEPENDENCY AMONG KABUL UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES STUDENTS
Background: Smartphone dependency is a global problem that is increasing rapidly every year. This study aims to investigate the prevalence of smartphone dependency among medical students of KUMS and to determine which groups have the highest Prevalence according to their academic year (class) and professional department (faculty). Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 310 students were included in the fall semester of 1402 at Kabul University of Medical Sciences. The questionnaire had two parts. The first part gathered information about demographic characteristics and some other variables, such as having regular exercise, sleep problems, the number of smartphones, daily use of smartphones, and other variables that were thought to be related to the possible results of the research. The second part of the questionnaire had 10 questions with a six-point Likert scale and collected information about smartphone dependency. Result: This study shows that smartphone dependency is a common problem among students; more than half of students (52.11%) are dependent on smartphones. Among the faculties, 69.09% of students in public health and the grades (61.9%) of students in the 3rd class were recognized as the groups with the highest prevalence of smartphone addiction. Almost all participants (99.65%) had a smartphone, except one person.
smartphone, medical students, dependency, prevalence, SAS-SV
PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS OF DRUG ABUSE AMONG CRIMINAL PRISONERS IN PUL-E-CHARKHI JAIL
Introduction: Drug abuse, including illicit substances, misuse of prescription medications, and, outside of Islamic contexts, alcohol consumption, frequently results in addiction, health complications, and criminal behaviors such as theft, violence, and drug-related offenses. This research aimed to calculate the prevalence and associated factors of drug abuse among incarcerated individuals in Pul-e-Charkhi Jail, located in Kabul, Afghanistan. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 254 inmates of the central detention facility, Pul-e-Charkhi Jail. Data collected through a structured questionnaire employing a mixed sampling technique (systematic random sampling and convenience sampling) from November 15 to November 30, 2024. Data analyzed by SPSS version 26. Results: This study, conducted on 254 male inmates at Pul-e-Charkhi Jail, demonstrated a 30.7% prevalence of drug abuse, with the highest incidence (41.7%) observed among individuals aged 50–64 years. No statistically significant associations were found with age, marital status, or level of education. However, significant correlations were observed with prior criminal history (49.2% abuse rate, P = 0.000), associations with criminal collaborators (61.2%, P = 0.000), and participation in drug-using networks (96.4%, OR = 184.44, P = 0.000). Drug abuse was most prevalent among those convicted of sexual offenses and drug trafficking. Most users-initiated drug use between the ages of 11 and 20, consumed drugs daily, and preferred cannabis and smoking. Funding sources for drug use included employment (48.7%) and theft (44.9%). The analysis identified criminal networks, previous incarcerations, and associations with drug users as significant predictive factors. Conclusion: The Study concluded that drug abuse among Pul-e-Charkhi inmates is predominantly influenced by criminal determinants, notably prior incarceration, peer influence, and drug-user networks, rather than demographic variables. Early initiation of cannabis use was common and was often financed through legitimate employment or illicit means. Consequently, targeted interventions aimed at disrupting criminal networks are imperative to reduce drug abuse within prisons.
Drug Abuse, Addiction, Criminal Offenses, Prisoners, Central Detention, Pul-e-Charkhi Jail, Kabul, Afghanistan.
EVALUATION OF THE ETIOLOGY OF PERI-IMPLANTITIS A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Background: Peri-implantitis is a situation that begins as gingival inflammation around a dental implant (peri-implant mucositis) and then extends to the bone that supports the dental implant. It causes bone loss at the coronal part of the fixture and can be determined by deep gingival pockets, bleeding, or discharge during investigation. Learning how to find, understand the etiology, assess the progress, find out its prevalence, and manage peri-implantitis is essential for both dental students and residents. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the different factors that stimulate the onset of peri-implantitis and to use this knowledge to support practical prevention techniques. Methods: A comprehensive survey of previous studies was done using two main online sources: PubMed and Google Scholar. PubMed showed 1,512 beneficial articles, while Google Scholar gave a much higher number, with 7,940 relevant findings. Results: Periodontal disease, inadequate supportive therapy, and cigarette smoking are recognized as significant systemic risk factors contributing to the development of peri-implantitis. Local factors such as poor plaque control, mucosal inflammation, Improperly designed implant crowns, residual submucosal cement, and a lack of keratinized mucosa surrounding the implant also play critical roles in increasing the risk of peri-implantitis. Effective management of both systemic and local risk factors is essential to prevent and control this condition. Conclusion: Peri-implantitis is a broad and complex condition caused by several variables. The main causes of it are a history of periodontal disease, smoking, patient noncompliance with regular checkups, poor cleaning habits, rough implant surface, and residual cement around the implant interface.
Etiology, Peri-implantitis, Peri-mucositis, Risk factors.
HEMOPHAGOCYTIC LYMPHOHISTOCYTOSIS: A CASE REPORT
Background: Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) or hemophagocytic syndrome is a rare, life-threatening hyperinflammatory syndrome characterized by excessive, overactive, and abnormal immune activation. It can be either primary (genetic) or secondary to infections, malignancies, or autoimmune diseases. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial but often challenging due to the nonspecific clinical presentation. Case presentation: We report a case of 22 a 22-year-old male who presented with persistent fever, hepatosplenomegaly, cytopenias, and elevated ferritin levels. Laboratory findings revealed hypertriglyceridemia, elevated liver enzymes, and high serum ferritin, raising suspicion for HLH. Bone marrow biopsy confirmed hemophagocytosis. The patient was managed with dexamethasone and etoposide according to the HLH protocol, with clinical improvement observed within 12 weeks. Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of early recognition of HLH and the use of HLH diagnostic criteria for timely treatment. Due to its rapid progression and high mortality, clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion for HLH in patients with unexplained systemic inflammatory symptoms and cytopenias.
Hemophagocytic-lymphohistocytosis، hemophagocytic syndrome ،macrophage activation syndrome.
Prevalence of Endoscopic Findings in Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding At Aliabad Teaching Hospital
Background: Upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding is defined as hemorrhage from the mouth to the ligament of Treitz., In this study, we found 28 cases among a total of 700 patients who were admitted from March 20, 2024, to June 20, 2024, in Aliabad Teaching Hospital. The gastrointestinal bleeding may involve many distinctive situations. The reason for this variety is that bleeding can arise from multiple lesions and numerous internal situations in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Patients with significant upper GI bleeding often have hemodynamic compromise and are rapidly transported to the emergency department for resuscitation, stabilization, and hospitalization. This study aims to determine the prevalence of endoscopic findings in upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Methods: this study is in a descriptive cross-sectional design , which was carried out with the prescription of 28 patients in which 13 patients done endoscopy who were admitted to the inpatients service of Aliabad teaching hospital from 3 , 20 , 2024 till 6 , 20 , 2024 . The data collected from the patient's files were inserted into the SPSS program, and then all the calculations were performed in this software. Results: This result shows the prevalence of endoscopinc finding in UGIB patients 7, 692 % of them were below 30 years of age, followed by 15, 384% of the patients were between 31 - 40 years .and 7, 692% of the patients were in the ages among 41 -50 years and between the ages of 51-60 years there were 30,769 % of the participants in this study and 30, 769% of the participants were above 60 years of ages and in the ages 71 – 80 participants 7, 692%. In this study 53, 846%% of the patients were males 46, 153% of the patients were females. In this study 53 , 846% were from province and 46 , 135% were from capital of Afghanistan . Conclusion: this research shows that the high prevalence of endoscopic finding in UGIB were among men and in elderly people. However, the high prevalence was erosive gastritis due to NSAIDS, which requires more attention to control and treat UGIB and to prevent complications.
PREVALENCE OF MEASLES AND VACCINATION COVERAGE AMONG INFANTS AND PRESCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN AT MAIWAND TEACHING HOSPITAL
Background: Measles is a highly contagious viral illness and continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality among children globally, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Despite the widespread availability of a safe and effective vaccine, measles outbreaks remain common in regions with low immunization coverage. In Afghanistan, ongoing conflict, displacement, and limited access to healthcare services have contributed to suboptimal vaccination rates, placing children at increased risk. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of measles and examine associated factors—such as vaccination status, age distribution, and complications—among pediatric patients admitted to Maiwand Teaching Hospital in Kabul, Afghanistan. Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Maiwand Teaching Hospital, affiliated with Kabul University of Medical Sciences, from January 1 to December 31, 2022. The study included all pediatric patients aged 1 month to 156 months (13 years) who were admitted with a clinical diagnosis of measles during the study period. Data were collected using structured forms and included patient demographics, measles vaccination status, clinical presentation, complications, and outcomes. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize patient characteristics, and inferential statistical analyses were performed to assess associations between variables. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS software, version 25. Results: During the study period, a total of 3,850 children were hospitalized, of whom 998 (25.9%) were diagnosed with measles. The vast majority of affected children (88.7%) were under five years old, and 54.2% were male. A large proportion (86%) had not received any measles vaccination, while 7.6% had received a single dose and 6.4% had completed two doses. Complications were frequently observed, with pneumonia (79%), diarrhea (36.8%), and oral thrush (22%) being the most commonly reported. Nearly all patients (99.6%) recovered following appropriate medical care, though a small number with severe complications succumbed to the illness. Conclusions: The study reveals a high prevalence of measles among pediatric inpatients at Maiwand Teaching Hospital, with a significant number of cases occurring in unvaccinated children. These findings highlight the urgent need to enhance immunization efforts and strengthen public health interventions to mitigate measles-associated illness and death in Afghanistan.
Measles, Prevalence, Vaccination, Pediatrics, Hospitalized Children, Complications, Afghanistan
FOCUSING ON METHIONINE CYCLE MECHANISMS AND FOLATE’S ROLE IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER: A NARRATIVE REVIEW
Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by challenges in social communication and repetitive and restricted activities and behavior. According to etiology, it is a multifactorial disease where genetic and environmental factors are predominant. The pathogenesis of ASD involves disruptions in neurotransmitter production, DNA methylation, immune function, oxidation and antioxidant balance, and vitamin D metabolism. In addition, exposure to toxic chemicals, such as heavy metals and phthalates, is a major environmental risk factor in ASD. Folate is a water-soluble vitamin involved in the production of methyl groups through the methionine cycle. The methionine cycle produces methionine and metabolizes homocysteine, which is a neurotoxic substance, through transulfuration to cysteine. Cysteine is a structural component of glutathione, which is a crucial non-enzymatic antioxidant. The aim of this study is to observe the role of folate and its mechanism of action, through the methionine cycle, on the pathogenesis of ASD. Methods: This study is a literature review that summarizes results of 40 research articles related to the keywords autism, folate, methionine cycle, and homocysteine, published in 2023 and 2024. Google Scholar, PubMed, and Science Direct databases are used for searching research articles, and all studies conducted on humans, written in the English language, and available in full text, are included in this review. Results: As a result of this literature review, ASD pathogenesis is relevant to the activity of folate as a cofactor for pathways involved in the production of monoamine neurotransmitters such as dopamine. This study explains the major role of folate in the balance of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, which is crucial for neurodevelopment. Besides this, explore the importance of folate in vitamin D metabolism, which is vital for neuroprotection and neurotropism. This review sheds light on the role of folate in the methionine cycle, which produces methionine, an important amino acid for neurodevelopment. In addition, this study explicates the role of folate in ameliorating heavy metal toxicity because this vitamin increases antioxidant capacity by enhancing glutathione formation, and also has a direct role in methylation, which increases the excretion of toxic metals. The role of folate in DNA methylation, which is one of the epigenetic mechanisms involved in ASD pathogenesis, is also interpreted in this study. Conclusion: It can be concluded that folate is important for neurodevelopment and lowering the incidence of ASD in children, because as a vital cofactor, it has a potential effect on the methionine cycle, synthetic pathways related to neurotransmitter and vitamin D metabolism. In addition, ameliorates the toxic effects of heavy metals on the brain.
Autism spectrum disorder, Folate, methionine cycle, homocysteine.
ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION LEVELS IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF KABUL CITY
Background: Environmental gamma radiation of natural origin can cause the ionization of vital molecules such as DNA and pose a serious risk to human health. Measuring this radiation is particularly important because it increases the risk of various cancers. This study was conducted to measure the radiation dose, calculate the annual effective dose, and assess the risk of cancer caused by radiation in different regions of Kabul City in 2024. Methods: In this study, measurements were taken using a dosimeter (model PM1621A) in open and closed spaces in 6 districts of Kabul city (District 3, District 5, District 6, District 10, District 11, and District 15 of Kabul city) during three different seasons in the Spring, Summer, and Autumn Seasons. Measurements were taken from five areas in each region and five random points in each region over three days in the Spring, Summer, and Autumn seasons. The annual effective dose and lifetime risk of radiation-induced cancer were also calculated. Results: The average annual dose in open and closed spaces was 1.292±0.163 and 1.4046±0.219 mSv/year, respectively. No statistically significant difference was observed between the average dose values ​​of the Spring, Summer, and Autumn months and different regions of the districts. Also, the annual effective dose was calculated to be 0.93016 millisieverts, and the excess lifetime risk of radiation-induced cancer was calculated to be:<!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r> </m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr>2.7</m:r><m:r><m:rPr><m:scr m:val="roman"/><m:sty m:val="p"/></m:rPr> ×</m:r><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>10</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>-</m:r><m:r>3</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri','sans-serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"><!-- [if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:50.25pt; height:14.25pt'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\KUMS\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\07\clip_image001.png" o:title="" chromakey="white"/> </v:shape><![endif]--> . Conclusion: The average annual effective dose of environmental gamma radiation in Kabul City is significantly higher than the global average. It is approximately twice the worldwide average level, indicating a relatively increased potential risk to public health.
Background radiation, Kabul city, radiation effects, gamma rays, incidence of cancer risk.
ASSESSMENT OF DRUG AWARENESS AMONG SCHOOL STUDENTS IN KABUL, AFGHANISTAN: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Background: In the modern world, addiction and substance abuse are increasingly recognized as some of the most destructive social phenomena and health problems, alongside other social deviations, challenges, and health risk factors. This issue annually drives millions of people, particularly the younger generation, who are nations' essential resources and assets, toward destruction. The low level of awareness among individuals, especially youth and adolescents, about drugs, along with other contributing and aggravating factors, plays a significant role in the prevalence of substance abuse and addiction among young people. This study aims to assess the level of awareness regarding drugs among school students. Methods: This study was conducted as a descriptive cross-sectional survey on a sample of 363 students from two schools during the period from October to November 2024. The data were collected using the proportional quota sampling technique, and data were analyzed using SPSS 27. Results: Out of 363 distributed questionnaires, 350 were completed. The majority of participants 89.4% were aged 16-20 years. Among students, 57.71% had good awareness, 41.43% had average awareness, and 0.86% had poor awareness about drugs. The majority of students reported that their main sources of information about drugs were friends 50.86% and teachers 20.29%. A total of 14.3% reported having at least one addicted family member, and 67.4% were able to refuse drug offers. Analysis revealed significant relationships between age, marital status, and place of residence with awareness levels (p<0.001), while economic status and parents' education showed no significant association. Conclusion: This study identified the 16-20 age group as the most vulnerable yet receptive to drug awareness programs. The majority of the students had an average economic status, and most of them were single. Their main source of information about drugs was their friends, which raises concerns about the possibility of misinformation. While overall awareness was satisfactory, aspects like awareness of drug consumption methods need improvement. Statistical analysis showed significant relationships between awareness levels and factors such as age, marital status, and pla of residence. Strengthening the role of families and formal education in providing accurate information and reducing the negative influence of social networks is essential
Bashir Ahmad Qudrati Bashir Ahmad Qudrati
Mohammad Farakhshoor Mohammad Farakhshoor
Evaluation of the etiology of Peri-implantitis; A narrative review
Background: Peri-implantitis is a situation that begins as gingival inflammation around a dental implant (peri-implant mucositis) and then extends to the bone which supports; dental implant. It causes bone loss at the coronal part of the fixture and can be determined by deep gingival pockets, bleeding, or discharge during investigation. Learning how to find, understand the etiology, assess the progress, find out its prevalence, and manage peri-implantitis is very essential for both dental students and residents. Objectives: This study aimed to search the different factors that stimulate the onset of peri-implantitis, with the intention of using this knowledge to support practical prevention techniques. Methods: A comprehensive survey of previous studies was done using two main online sources: PubMed and Google Scholar. PubMed showed 1,512 beneficial articles, while Google Scholar gave a much higher nymbers, with 7,940 relevant findings. Results: Periodontal disease, inadequate supportive therapy, and cigarette smoking are recognized as significant systemic risk factors contributing to the development of peri-implantitis. Local factors such as poor plaque control, mucosal inflammation, Improperly designed implant crowns, residual submucosal cement, and lack of keratinized mucosa surrounding the implant also play critical roles in increasing the risk of peri-implantitis. Effective management of both systemic and local risk factors is essential to prevent and control this condition. Conclusion: In conclusion peri-implantitis is a broad and complex condition caused by several variables. The main causes of it are past history of periodontal disease, smoking, patient incompliance for regular checkup, poor cleaning habits, rough implant surface and residual cement around implant interface.
Peri-implantitis, Etiology, Peri-moucositis and risk factors.
Mental Health Correlates in Herat University Students: A Demographic, Socio-cultural, and Learning Environment Study
Background: The university environment encompasses both the physical infrastructure and the social interactions within an academic community that shape the overall learning experience. The heightened stress and academic pressure associated with university life contribute to the rising prevalence of mental disorders among students. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and correlates of depressive and anxiety symptoms among Herat University students. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Herat University between September and December 2022. Data on mental disorders were collected using the Dari-translated Version of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scales. Sociodemographic and learning environment data was collected via a 24-item structured questionnaire. Data analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics version 27. Descriptive statistics were used to show the prevalence of mental disorders. Chi-square tests and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify potential association and predictors of mental disorders. Results: Of all participants in the study, 72.9% and 73.2% exhibit mild to severe levels of depression and Anxiety, respectively. Participants’ self-confidence, adaptability to new university environment, self-perceived success, their current levels of social activities, and social interaction with peers were associated with both depressive and anxiety symptoms. In contrast, access to study material, social support, ability to find friends at university, and access to healthcare were significantly associated with depression. Furthermore, anxiety was associated with low internet accessibility, lower family income, parental comorbidities, and recreational activities. Multivariate regression analyses revealed that participants’ self-perception as successful individuals, and their abilities to adapt well to academic lives were predictors of depression, while being self-confident and adaptable to academic lives were predictors of anxiety. Conclusion: Depressive and anxiety disorders were prevalent among Herat University students. Targeted interventions that address the specific needs of university students are essential for promoting the mental well-being of university students.
Afghanistan, anxiety, depression, GAD-7, Herat University, PHQ-9
PREVALENCE OF TONGUE LESIONS IN STOMATOLOGY TEACHING HOSPITAL- KABUL, AFGHANISTAN
Background: The tongue is an important part of dental and systemic health, frequently acting as a mirror for underlying diseases. Despite their diagnostic value, tongue lesions are poorly understood in impoverished countries such as Afghanistan. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and patterns of tongue lesions among dental outpatients at Kabul's Stomatology Teaching Hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 14353 adult dental outpatients was undertaken over the course of 24 weeks beginning in October 2024. To identify common tongue lesions, clinical examinations were performed using WHO (1980) criteria. SPSS v25 was used to analyze the data, and chi-square tests were used to determine the relationship between lesion prevalence and gender. Results: 14,353 patients visited Stomatology Teaching Hospital throughout the course of 24 weeks. Of these, 651 (4.5%) had tongue lesions. Females accounted for 57.8% of the cases, with the most affected age group being 18-28 years (46.1%). The most prevalent tongue lesions were coated tongue (40.6%), fissured tongue (20.4%), and depopulation of the tongue (18.1%). The fissured tongue had a statistically significant relationship with gender (p = 0.039). Overall, only 26.3% of patients were aware of tongue lesions. Females, on the other hand, showed much higher levels of attentiveness. Conclusion: Coated tongue, fissured tongue, and depopulation were the most prevalent tongue lesions in the studied population. Findings underscore the importance of integrating routine tongue examination in dental visits and highlight the need for educational programs to improve awareness and early detection of tongue abnormalities, particularly among males and younger adults.
Tongue lesions, Prevalence, Oral mucosa, Oral cavity
PREVALENCE OF DEATHS DUE TO PENETRATING TRAUMA IN FORENSIC CASES IN KABUL – AFGHANISTAN
Background: Trauma is damage to vital tissues that can affect a person's physical and mental health. There are various types of trauma, including mechanical trauma, traffic trauma, burn trauma, and electrical trauma. Sharp trauma is a kind of mechanical trauma created by objects with sharp edges or sharp apex, thus, the apex of the sharp object penetrates the skin, produces an injury, and the edge of the sharp object lacerates tissues and causes the expansion of the injury. This study aims to investigate the Prevalence of deaths due to sharp trauma in forensic cases at Kabul City referred to the Kabul Forensic Medicine Center from 2017 to 2019. Methods and Material: This descriptive (cross-sectional) study was conducted on the death cases from 2017 to 2019 referred to the Kabul Forensic Medicine Center. Data were collected from the post-mortem Service as secondary data and analyzed using IBM Statistical SPSS Version 26. Results: This study revealed that during the years 2017 - 2019, a total of 4201 deaths were referred to the Kabul Forensic Medicine Center, 280 deaths (6.66 %) were caused by sharp trauma. Among 280 deaths, 248 cases (88.57 %) were males and 32 cases (11.42 %) were females. According to age, the majority of cases (79.64%) involved the young age group, specifically people aged 18 to 30. According to the location of the injured organ, most cases (150 cases, 53.57 %) occurred at the thorax. Conclusion: Based on this study, the maximum number of death cases caused by sharp trauma were men and young individuals. In the majority of cases, the injured organ was the thorax.
Sharp weapons, Sharp trauma, Death cases, Sharp objects
PATIENTS' KNOWLEDGE OF ANESTHESIA AND THE ROLE OF ANESTHESIOLOGISTS AT KABUL UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES HOSPITALS
Background: Anesthesiology, despite its critical role in surgical care, remains largely under recognized by the public. This study aims to assess the awareness and understanding of anesthesiology and anesthesiologists among patients at Kabul University of medical sciences hospitals. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from January to September 2023 involving 406 patients aged 18 and above, scheduled for elective surgery. A self-administered multiple-choice questionnaire was utilized to evaluate participants’ knowledge of anesthesiology and their perceptions of anesthesiologists. The questionnaire was translated into Dari and underwent rigorous validation. Results: The study revealed that 70.7% of participants had never heard of anesthesiology as a specialty. A significant correlation was found between participants' education levels and their knowledge of anesthesiology (p < 0.001). While 54.2% had prior surgery experience, only 25.1% identified anesthesiologists as the providers of anesthesia. Concerns about anesthesia were prevalent, with 23.4% expressing fears primarily related to pain. Trust in anesthesiologists was high, with 67.5% affirming their trust, yet a substantial knowledge gap regarding the anesthesiologist's role was Conclusion: This study highlights a critical need for enhanced public education about anesthesiology and the roles of anesthesiologists. Improving patient awareness can foster better communication, address fears, and ultimately enhance patient trust and satisfaction in surgical care. Active engagement of anesthesiologists with patients before and after procedures is essential to bridge this knowledge gap.
Anesthesia knowledge, Anesthesiologists, public awareness, perception.
PREVALENCE OF LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AMONG NEONATES ADMITTED TO THE FRENCH MEDICAL INSTITUTE FOR MOTHERS AND CHILDREN
Background: Birth weight is crucial for a newborn baby to survive and grow and develop normally. Low birth weight (LBW) is a serious and difficult public health issue. The global average prevalence rate of LBW is 15%, meaning that 20 million out of 130 million newborns annually are LBW. Aims: The aim of this article is to find the prevalence of low birth weight who are born in the Obstetric/Gynecology Unit of the French Medical Institute for Mothers and Children (FMIC) Hospital of Kabul City. To evaluate the frequency and percentages of maternal risk factors for low birth weight and sex of neonates with low birth weight neonates. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Obstetric/Gynecology Unit of FMIC Hospital, Kabul City. The study population is comprised of all neonates who were born in the Obstetric/Gynecology Unit of FMIC hospital from January until June 2021. the inclusion criteria were Newborns and infants less than 48 hours of life & the Exclusion criteria were Neonates with incomplete data and whose parents refused to participate. The Sample Size was all neonates who were born in the Obstetric/Gynecology Unit of FMIC during the first six months of 2021. Results: A total of 795 newborns were born at the French Medical Institute for Mothers during the first 6 months of 2021 year and out of them 59 (7,43 %) of them were low birth weight. Conclusion: The prevalence of low birth weight at the French Medical Institute for Mothers and Children Hospital of Kabul city during the first 6 months of this year was lower than in the other developed countries which is more seen in Low birth weight male babies and multiparous women in middle ages as well as caesarian section delivery.
AWARENESS DURING GENERAL ANESTHESIA IN TEACHING HOSPITALS OF KABUL UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES
Background: Despite improvements in monitoring, medications, and procedures accidental consciousness is a well-known side effect of anesthesia and sedation. This study aims to determine the prevalence of different types of awareness during general anesthesia in patients undergoing surgery at teaching hospitals of Kabul University of Medical Sciences. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was designed in which 300 patients over the age of 18 had undergone general anesthesia in Kabul University of Medical Sciences hospitals. All data were collected in questionnaire forms consisting of questions related to demographic characteristics and awareness types (dream, pain, and hearing experience during anesthesia). Data were analyzed by IBM Statistical SPSS Version 26 software. Results: Totally 300 patients (110 males and 190 females) who underwent general anesthesia were included in the study. One hundred seventy-two patients were in the age category 18-40, 102 patients in the age category 41-60 years, and 26 patients in the age category > 60 years old. Propofol was used for 231 patients (77%), ketamine for 61 patients (20.3%), and thiopental was used in eight patients (2.7%). Twenty-five patients (8.3%, 95% CI, 5.6%-11.9%) had seen dreams; 70 patients (23.3%, 95% CI, 18.8%-28.4%) had felt pain; and 43 patients (14.3%, 95% CI, 10.7%-18.6%) had hearing experience during anesthesia Generally, the adjusted effects of explanatory variables on these three different types of awareness (dream, pain, and hearing experience) during - anesthesia were not significant. The only variable that was significantly associated with awareness was the drug category, which affected only the pain experienced during anesthesia. The adjusted odd of ratio pain experience in the propofol and ketamine groups is significantly less than in the thiopental group (AOR = 0.03 and 0.02, P = 0.012 and 0.003), respectively. Conclusion: The prevalence of awareness during general anesthesia in this study is higher than that reported elsewhere. The more prevalent type of awareness was the pain experienced during anesthesia. The only significant association was the pain experience regarding the type of anesthetic drugs that is more prominent in the thiopental group.
awareness during anesthesia, general anesthesia, anesthetic drugs
MOTHERS' KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE REGARDING EXCLUSIVE BREASTFEEDING
Background: Exclusive breastfeeding has many health benefits and advantages for infants, and up to six months of age, breast milk alone is considered sufficient and complementary. Introducing additional foods during this period can lead to disruptions and various diseases, negatively affecting the natural growth and development of infants. However, if the exclusive breastfeeding program, as emphasized by the World Health Organization and UNICEF, is correctly followed by mothers, the child's growth and development will be normal, and it will enhance the child's immunity and resistance to diseases. To evaluate the level of mothers' knowledge regarding exclusive breastfeeding for infants in the first six months of life we carried out this study. Methods: This study is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted using questionnaires with 507 mothers in the Pediatric Department of Maiwand Teaching Hospital, Kabul City, Afghanistan. Results: The study interviewed 507 mothers by Epi info Programme, of whom, were under 30 years old 51.0%, 33.1% were between 31 and 40 years old, 15.1% were between 41 and 50 years old, and 0.57% were over 50 years old. Were housewives 87.7%, and 12.2% had jobs outside the home. The main source of information for 48.9% of mothers was family members, 29.3% from hospitals and health centers, and 21.6% from the media. Mothers had three or fewer children43.1%, while 56.8% had more than Three children. 23.47% of mothers were literate, and 76.528% were illiterate, 69.625% of mothers were Aware of the benefits of exclusive breastfeeding until six months and 67.258% had exclusively breastfed their infants in the first six months. Conclusion: More than half of the mothers in the study were between 18 and 30 years old. Most were housewives. The primary source of information for the mothers was family members, followed by hospitals and health centers, and the media. A significant number of mothers had more than three children, and most were illiterate. The majority of mothers had knowledge about the benefits of breastfeeding and practiced exclusive breastfeeding for their infants up to six months due to public health.
Awareness, Breastfeeding Exclusive, Performance.
PREVALENCE OF ORAL LESIONS IN DERMATOLOGICAL DISEASED PATIENTS
Background: Oral mucosal lesions often serve as early indicators of systemic dermatological diseases, yet remain under-investigated in clinical practice, particularly in low-resource settings. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence, types, and site distribution of oral mucosal lesions among dermatological patients in Maiwand Teaching Hospital, Kabul, Afghanistan. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2024 to March 2025, involving 42300 patients coming to the Dermatology Department and 858 patients diagnosed with oral lesion conditions. Oral examinations were performed to identify co-existing mucosal lesions, categorized by type and location. Data were analyzed using IBM Statistical SPSS Version 25, with descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to assess associations (p<0.05 considered significant). Results: Females constituted the majority of participants (64.1%), with the 41-50 age group being most affected. Candidiasis was the most frequent oral mucosal lesion (26.5%), followed by lichen planus (19.7%) and pemphigus vulgaris (16 %). The tongue was the most commonly involved site in the oral cavity (64.0%), and plaque formation (56.2%) was the most prevalent lesion type. Bullous lesions showed a statistically significant association (p=0.024), highlighting their diagnostic importance in vesiculobullous disorders. Conclusion: Oral manifestations are prevalent among dermatological patients and show diverse clinical presentations. These findings underscore the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration between dermatologists and oral medicine specialists for early diagnosis and integrated management. Incorporating oral examinations can enhance patient outcomes, especially in resource-limited settings.
Dermatology, Oral mucosal lesions, Skin disease, autoimmune disease, Oral medicine.
UNVEILING THE POTENTIAL OF HEMATOLOGICAL ABERRATIONS IN HIV INFECTION AS A RELIABLE SURROGATE FOR CLINICAL STAGING
Background: The global incidence of HIV has declined since peaking in the mid-nineties, mainly due to advancements in diagnostics, therapeutics, and global health initiatives. Despite these advancements, resource-limited countries still face challenges accessing timely diagnostic tests and treatments. Hematological assays are one of the most widely available and least expensive laboratory tests worldwide, often with a short test-to-report time. To evaluate common hematological abnormalities in newly diagnosed HIV patients and correlate these with the WHO clinical stages of HIV infection we conducted this study. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care center in Kerala, India. Newly diagnosed HIV patients aged 15 years and above were enrolled, excluding those with chronic diseases or conditions affecting hematological profiles. Comprehensive evaluations, including hematological tests and WHO clinical staging, were performed. Statistical analyses assessed correlations between hematological parameters and clinical stages. Results: Among 120 patients (59.17% males, mostly aged 25-50), unprotected sexual contact was the primary transmission route. Mucocutaneous candidiasis and tuberculosis were the most common opportunistic infections. Hematological abnormalities included elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (81.7%), anemia (80%), reticulocytopenia (26.7%), and thrombocytopenia (14.2%). Hemoglobin, total Leukocyte, lymphocyte, and CD4 counts significantly correlated with clinical stages. Hemoglobin levels showed a strong negative correlation with disease stage (r -0.827), with predictive values indicating stage severity. Similarly, lymphocyte counts and ESR showed significant correlations with advancing disease stages. Conclusion: Hematological parameters, particularly hemoglobin, lymphocyte counts, and ESR, significantly correlate with the WHO clinical stages of HIV infection. These findings support the utility of these parameters as surrogate markers for assessing disease severity, especially in resource-limited settings. Further research is needed to enhance diagnostic and treatment approaches in these regions.
HIV, AIDS, Hematological abnormalities, WHO clinical stage, Anemia
prevalence and associated factors of occupational stress among nurses in Kabul University of Medical Sciences Teaching hospitals
Background: Occupational stress is a mental and physical challenge that causes high rates of absence at work, exhaustion, and turnover. Nursing is thought of as one of the most demanding and stressful occupations. Job-related stress is a recognized health problem among nurses. Nurses suffer from stress and health problems owing to the features of their occupation, their contact with patients, and their death. This study aims to assess the prevalence and associated factors of occupational stress among nurses in Kabul University of Medical Sciences Teaching hospitals. Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 193 nurses working at Kabul University of Medical Sciences teaching hospitals. Data was collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire (Expanded Nursing Stress Scale) and analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistical Version 25. Results: The study was conducted among 193 nurses, including 59.6% females and 40.4% males. Most of the participants (62.7%) were less than 30 years old and married (58.5%). The majority (60.0%) of the participants had a bachelor's degree and 57.0% had less than five -years of working experience. Prevalence of the occupational stress was found 54.0%. Nurses, who were under 30 years of age and who had a diploma degree experienced more stress (57.0%and 55.3% respectively). Regarding the source of stress, inadequate emotional preparation, workload, and patients' and their families' emotions were the main sources of stress. Conclusion: In this study, more than half of the nurses reported being occupationally high stressed. Inadequate emotional preparation, workload, patients' and their families' emotions were the main factors associated with stress.
Occupational Stress, Nurses, Kabul University of Medical Sciences
KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE OF MOTHERS REGARDING CHILDHOOD VACCINATION
Introduction: Vaccines are killed or weakened bacteria, viruses, and harmless toxins that do not have the ability to cause disease. Vaccines train the immune system to produce antibodies and immune substances. Vaccines are used to prevent various infectious diseases by causing the body's immune system to activate and react, allowing it to recognize and create antibodies against invading infections. Vaccines play a critical role in avoiding morbidity and death from fatal childhood diseases. Objective: To determine mothers' awareness of vaccines and their benefits, as well as their level of adaptation—or lack thereof—to vaccines for their children in the year 2023. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using questionnaires filled out by 516 mothers in the General Pediatric Unit of Maiwand Teaching Hospital in the year 2023. The SPSS 22.0 version was used to analyze all of the data. Results: 516 mothers were interviewed in this study, of whom 51.94% were under 30, and 47.68% were between 30 and 50 years old. 87.79% of the mothers were housewives, and 12% of them were working mothers. The source of mothers’ knowledge and awareness were family members in 47%, hospitals and health centers in 32%, and public media in 21% of the cases. 44% of the interviewed mothers had three or fewer children, and 56% had more than four children. 23% of the mothers were literate, and 77% were illiterate. 73% of the interviewed mothers had sufficient information about vaccines, and 71% of mothers had applied vaccines to their children. Conclusion: Overall, vaccination rates were relatively high but could still be optimized. Continued efforts are warranted to enhance maternal education and fully protect all children through standardized immunization schedules in Afghanistan. Addressing disparities can help realize the goal of preventing preventable childhood diseases nationwide.
Awareness, Practice, Mothers, Childhood immunization, Vaccination.
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Effective English Language Teaching
Background: Artificial Intelligence (AI) encompasses a range of technologies that allow computers to carry out various advanced tasks, such as recognizing, interpreting, and translating both spoken and written language, analyzing data, providing recommendations, and more. Objective: This study aimed to examine the impact of AI on effective English language teaching and its role in the process. The research utilized article analysis and library resources to explore this influence. Methods and materials: This study is a narrative review in which we analyze 21 scholarly articles to explore the impact of AI in effective English Language Teaching, material development, and learner outcomes. The articles were taken from reliable sources and search engines such as Google Scholar, ERIC, Scimago, JETLEE Journal, etc. It was considered to observe articles that are published in between 2013 – 2024. Result: Findings reveal that AI's transformative potential through personalized learning experiences facilitated by intelligent tutoring systems and adaptive platforms. Furthermore, AI contributes to the development of innovative and engaging teaching materials. Conclusion: The study came up with a result that AI significantly enhances ELT, responsible integration requires addressing these challenges to ensure equitable access and ethical implementation, ultimately maximizing AI's benefits for creating a more effective and inclusive learning environment.
Artificial Intelligence (AI), Effective, English language teaching, learning, technology.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Preventive Behavior of University Students toward Tuberculosis in Kabul, Afghanistan: A Cross – sectional Study
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a critical public health issue in Afghanistan for decades. Insufficient awareness about TB and its symptoms among university students may contribute to delayed diagnosis and treatment, thereby exacerbating the severity of tuberculosis. The present study seeks to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and preventive behavior toward TB among both medical and non-medical universities students in Kabul, Afghanistan. Methods: This study employed a cross-sectional survey design among male students at Kabul Polytechnic and Kateb Universities. A standardized questionnaire was administrated to a sample of 590 students, comprising both medical and non-medical disciplines. Probability sampling methodology was employed for data collection during the year 2023. Data analysis was conducted utilizing SPSS version 24 software. Results: The research encompassed 580 respondents out of 590, a response rate of 98%. The 425 (73%), and 155 (27%) was over and under 20 age respectively, and majority 421 (73%) were nonsmokers. The average knowledge score 6.83 and 6.38 out of 10, for both medical and non-medical disciplines, respectively. The average score reflecting preventive behaviors toward tuberculosis among medical and non-medical faculties. Was 35.48 and 32.65, out of a maximum score of 44, respectively, A statistically significant positive correlation was observed among students regarding their knowledge and attitudes toward tuberculosis (r = 0.129, p < 0.01). Additionally, a positive correlation was found between knowledge and preventive behaviors (r = 0.121, p < 0.01), as well as between attitudes and preventive behaviors (r = 0.435, p < 0.01). Conclusion: This study highlights the Significance of targeted Initiatives to enhance TB awareness and promote preventative actions among students across disciplines. Additionally, attitudes towards TB treatment were generally positive among both groups, the study highlights several key factors influencing preventive behavior, including the role of faculty, awareness of symptoms, and individuals' attitudes toward treatment and education. These findings can inform the development of effective strategies to improve TB prevention efforts among students.
CELIAC TRUNK VARIATIONS IDENTIFICATION USING MULTI-DETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING
Background: Variability in the celiac trunk is frequent and should be taken into consideration when scheduling surgical operations or radiographic intervention, in order to minimize the possibility of unintentional damage to the blood vessels. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of celiac trunk and identify various types of the existed variations using multi-detector computed tomographic angiography. Method: A cross-sectional study which was retrospective had been carried out. Images from the computed tomographic angiography were obtained between June 2017 and March 2018. Using a workstation, 3D reconstructions of the images were made and the normal and anatomical variations of the celiac trunk were examined. IBM SPSS statistic version 22 was utilized to calculate the results. Findings: Out of the 140 patients who were chosen, 23 were not included. With a male to female ratio of 65.8 to 34.2, the average age was 57.3 years. In 54 (46.2%) cases, anatomical variations of the celiac trunk were identified. In 21 cases (17.9%), the origin of the inferior phrenic artery from the celiac trunk was the most prevalent variation, followed by the celiac-colic trunk in 15 cases (12.8%). Nonetheless, some variations which were not included in Uflacker's classification were also seen in 31 (26.5%) of the cases. The association of the inferior phrenic artery with other Uflacker's types, the Buhler arc, the accessory hepatic artery from the celiac trunk, and the association of the celiac-colic trunk with the gastro-splenic and hepato-splenic trunks are among the variations which were identified. Conclusion: Before having any surgery or invasive imaging intervention, it is important to accurately identify and understand the structural variations in the celiac trunk. This can assist interventional radiologists and surgeons in carrying out safe procedures and preventing unintentional vascular damage.
accessory hepatic artery, anatomical variation, celiac trunk, common hepatic artery, MDCTA
EVALUATION OF EXAM STRESS ON BLOOD PRESSURE AND HEART BEATS AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; background: #D5DCE4; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">Background: Blood pressure is the pressure that the blood produces on the blood vessels wall while passing through the vessels, which have two components, systolic blood pressure which is mainly related to the cardiac output and diastolic blood pressure which is mainly related to the resistance of the peripheral vessels wall. High blood pressure is one of the main causes of cardiovascular diseases and strokes so should be very careful when checking the blood pressure. This study aims to evaluate the effect of exam stress on blood pressure and heart rate among second grade medical students. <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; background: #D5DCE4; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; background: #D5DCE4; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">Method and materials : This is a cross-sectional study design, which data were obtained from 37 students second grad students of Kabul University of Medical Sciences mean age was (20±1.2) who were randomly selected, 24 were male and 13 were female. At the beginning, the blood pressure and heart rate of the students were examined before the Anatomy and Histology subjects’ exam. Subsequently, the blood pressure and the heart rate of students were also checked with the same blood pressure device and the same examiner after the exam. The right arm of the student was selected for assessing of blood pressure. <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; background: #D5DCE4; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; background: #D5DCE4; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">Results: The results of this study shows in Histology subject, (mean ± SD) of systolic and diastolic blood pressure before the exam was (123.5±1.9) and (78.1±1.3), and students' heart rate was found (76.4±1.05) per minute. And systolic and diastolic blood pressure after the exam in the mentioned subject is (114.3±1.7) and (72.1±1.3mmHg), and the heart rate after the exam of the mentioned subject is (75.6±0.9) per minute. Paired T test was used to evaluate the difference between means before and after exam in histology exam which indicate the difference of means of blood pressure before and after exam is statistically significant with (p- value<0.05 CI 95%) and means of heart rate before and after exam indicate that there is no significant changes in heart rate before and after exam with (p- value>0.05 CI 95%). In Anatomy subject, (mean± SD) of systolic and diastolic blood pressure before the exam was (123.2±1.6) and (77±1.3), and students' heart rate was found (76.8±1) per minute. And systolic and diastolic blood pressure after the exam in the mentioned subject is (113.5±1.5) and (71.8±1.3mmHg), and the heart rate after the exam of the mentioned subject is (75.9±0.9) per minute. Paired T test was used to evaluate the difference between means before and after exam in histology exam which indicate the difference of means of blood pressure before and after exam is statistically significant with (p- value<0.05 CI 95%) and means of heart rate before and after exam indicate that there is no significant changes in heart rate before and after exam with (p- value>0.05 CI 95%). <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; background: #D5DCE4; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;"> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; text-align: justify; line-height: 115%; tab-stops: 45.8pt 91.6pt 137.4pt 183.2pt 229.0pt 274.8pt 320.6pt 366.4pt 412.2pt 458.0pt 503.8pt 549.6pt 595.4pt 641.2pt 687.0pt 732.8pt; background: #D5DCE4; mso-background-themecolor: text2; mso-background-themetint: 51; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 1.0pt 4.0pt 1.0pt 4.0pt;">Conclusion: Overall, the body of research confirms that exam stress significantly affects cardiovascular parameters, emphasizing the need for strategies to mitigate these effects.
Exam, Stress, Blood pressure, Medical students.
AWARENESS AND COVERAGE OF TETANUS VACCINE AMONG FEMALE STUDENTS OF KABUL UNIVERSITY IN 2022: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Background : The Tetanus Toxoid (TT) vaccine is crucial in preventing maternal and neonatal tetanus, a life-threatening infection caused by Clostridium tetani, which releases toxins that affect the nervous system. In regions like Kabul, Afghanistan, limited access to healthcare and high rates of home births increases the risk of tetanus transmission during childbirth. Immunizing female students with TT vaccines provides long-term protection, reducing potential future maternal and neonatal tetanus cases. This study targets female students as they are likely future mothers, and vaccination at this stage helps establish immunity early, supporting community health and contributing to broader public health efforts to reduce tetanus prevalence. Method: The present study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design, targeting female students at Kabul University. The total population of female students at the university was 7,847, from which a sample size of 402 participants was calculated using Epi Info software. A convenience sampling approach was utilized, and data were collected via a structured questionnaire. Subsequently, the data were analyzed using SPSS version 24. Results: In this study, respondents ranged in age from 17 to 27 years, with an average age of 20 years. Among the participants, 16.1% demonstrated high awareness, 54.7% had moderate awareness, and 29.2% had low awareness regarding the TT vaccine. Notably, 40.8% of the students identified educational centers as their primary source of information on the vaccine. A majority of students (75.1%) reported having received the vaccine, whereas those who had not cited distance from health centers as a primary barrier, with 23.4% of non-recipients indicating this as their reason for not being vaccinated. Conclusion : In conclusion, the data reveal a moderate level of awareness among students regarding the TT vaccine, with a majority reporting vaccination. Key barriers to vaccination among non-recipients included limited access to health centers, concerns about side effects, insufficient knowledge, prevalent misconceptions, and cultural barriers. Educational institutions, notably schools and universities, emerged as the primary sources of vaccine-related information, highlighting their critical role in awareness and health education.
Toxoid TT, awareness, vaccine coverage, student, university